PK4+d[d[refs.MYD @8 */( ke hazards; Engineeri f September 19, 1985 -- p D, approximately 45 br th little or no atten ted in its pre-event, damaged, and repaired conditions. Following the nonlinear static analysis procedure, displacement demands and capacities of the structure are used as indices o UHjor earthquake-initiated hazmat releases (EIHRs) has received little attention from esF?C4Youd, 5 5e Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 7 vF?m3Malilay, J. et al.,1995WMortality an O ng types in a similar manner to the engineering analysis of a single structure.32DF?2Shinozuka, Masanobu et al.,1997L M\generally exposed poorly stratified granular materials in which faults that were previously mapped on the surface were difficult to recognize. The age an }Mves not only from the advances made by individual investigators, but also from the innovations developed in synthesizing the  e to the tight coupling b UER) have focused on assessing seismic hazard and vulnerability in the Central United y<Loss estimation due to seismic risks to highway systemsEarthquake SpectraVol. 134, pp. 585-604. Nov.Highway sed; and a brief over 8(rizes the development her construction; United States; U.S. Army; Nonlinear response(A 1/3-scale model of a section of a three-story lightly reinforced concrete flat slab structure was constructed. Researchers installed a viscoelastic damper (VED) seismic rehabilitation system on the model and subjected it to seismic simulations on a shaking table. Successive simulations were conducted with increasing base accelerations until the horizontal displacement limit of the shaking table was reached. The dampers were then removed, and the simulations were repeated until structural failure occurred. This paper summarizes the responses of the model. Brief comparisons of the responses of the model with and without VEDs installed are made. The VEDs improved energy dissipation characteristics and serviceability of the structure by reducing interstory displacements. Earthquake simulation responses indicated that the damper configuration that was employed in the experimental investigation permitted rotations of the VEDs, which lowered their energy dissipation efficiency. An alternate arrangement for the VEDs is proposed to alleviate this problem.F?2!Razvi, Salim R. Saatcioglu, Murat19997Analysis and design of concrete columns for confinementEarthquake SpectraVol. 154, pp. 791-811. Nov.{Reinforced concrete columns; nonlinear analysis; Confined concrete columns; displacement-based design; Anchors (structural)jAn analytical procedure was developed to model formation and progression of flexural hinging in reinforced concrete columns. The procedure was employed to demonstrate second order inelastic analysis of concrete columns under monotonically increasing lateral loads. Other relevant features of inelastic column analysis were also incorporated, including concrete confinement, reinforcement strain hardening, bar buckling and anchorage slip. The analysis procedure has been verified extensively against experimental data, and used to illustrate a displacement-based design procedure for column confinement. Furthermore, a set of column analyses was conducted to develop design aids for column confinement. The amount, grade, spacing, and arrangement of confinement reinforcement can be selected from these design aids for expected levels of lateral drift and axial compression./ ?2Kunreuther, Howard1999hInsurance as an integrating policy tool for disaster management: the role of public-private partnershipsVol. 154, pp. 725-745. Nov.3Insurance; public policy; private sector; Contra Costa County; California; Santa Clara County; Los Angeles County; San Bernardino County; Building codes; Earthquake hazard mitigation; Northern California; Southern California; San Francisco Bay Area; United States; disaster planning; seismic risk assessmentCInsurance can play a key role in facilitating public-private partnerships for dealing with the losses from future natural disasters. This paper proposes a hazard management program, which links insurance with other policy tools and brings together key interested parties concerned with earthquakes. It stresses the importance of identifying and assessing the risk, understanding both the decision processes of individuals in hazard-prone areas and the insurability issues associated with the earthquake risk. A series of policy-related questions raise issues for future research. F?2Chapman, Martin C.1999>On the use of elastic input energy for seismic hazard analysisEarthquake SpectraVol. 154, pp. 607-635. Nov.[Linear oscillators; response and input energy; Ground motion; duration; Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis; Western North America; strong-motion records; Western United States; accelerograms; pseudorelative velocity response; Northridge; California earthquake; Jan. 17; 1994; Loma Prieta; Oct. 17; 1989; Southern California; Northern CaliforniaThe disaggregation of probabilistic seismic hazard calculations based on elastic input energy may prove useful for the identification of scenario events because input energy is a convenient single-parameter descriptor of motion duration and amplitude. To investigate this application, regression models are derived for the absolute input energy equivalent velocity, V subscript ea, and the elastic pseudo-relative velocity response, PSV, in the frequency range 0.5 to 10 Hz. Disaggregation of a general seismic hazard model using V subscript ea indicates that the modal magnitudes for the higher frequency oscillators tend to be larger, and vary less with oscillator frequency, than those derived using PSV. Larger magnitude earthquakes contribute more to seismic hazard if V subscript ea is used. The dependence of V subscript ea and PSV upon site classification is virtually identical, and V subscript ea can be predicted with slightly less uncertainty as a function of magnitude, distance and site classification.F?2#Husein Malkawi, Abdallah I. et al.,1999oApplication of extreme value statistics to annual maximum magnitudes in Jordan employing a mixture distributionEarthquake SpectraVol. 154, pp. 711-724. Nov.[Jordan; earthquake magnitudes; Middle East; Seismic risk; magnitude-frequency relationshipsThe concept of extreme value mixture distribution (EV subscript mix) has been implemented in this study to estimate maximum earthquake magnitude occurrence. The EV subscript mix model is applied to annual maximum earthquake magnitude occurrence in Jordan and conterminous regions spanning the period 1918 to 1997. The maximum likelihood method, in conjunction with the two optimization methods, was employed for determining the statistical parameters of the Gumbel asymptotic distribution, G superscript I, and the extreme value distributions, EV superscript III and EV subscript mix. The simplex method of Nelder and Mead was found to be more successful in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimators of the three given distributions than the Newton-Raphson method. The difficulties inherent in the Newton-Raphson method were overcome by the simplex method. It is shown in this study that the EV subscript mix model fits the observed annual maxima far better than the G superscript I and EV superscript III models. In addition, the maximum likelihood estimators obtained using the simplex method were used to calculate the earthquake risk for a given return period and design lifetime of structures.AF?20Dutta, Anindya Mander, John B. Kokorina, Tatiana19990Retrofit for control and repairability of damageEarthquake SpectraVol. 154, pp. 657-679. Nov.`Reinforced concrete bridge columns; nonlinear time history analysis; Fuse-bars; Renewable hinges-Collapse or severe damage of a large number of bridges in recent earthquakes in California and Japan has emphasized the need to develop a suitable retrofitting technique for enhancing the flexural ductility and shear resistance of existing bridge columns. However, most retrofit techniques currently in vogue are essentially one-time fixes that do not address the issue of repairability following a seismic event. This paper reports the results of a research program investigating the performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns where the main objective is to control damage and ensure fast rehabilitation with minimum disruption to the traffic flow. Thus a retrofit for control and repairability of damage (ReCARD) philosophy is developed and validated through experiments on near full-size bridge columns. F?2Ma, R. Xiao, Yan1999XSeismic retrofit and repair of circular bridge columns with advanced composite materialsEarthquake SpectraVol. 154, pp. 747-764. Nov.Circular bridge columns; nonlinear response; repairs; Prefabricated glass-fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing; Reinforced concrete bridge columns; hysteresis; California; older constructionExperimental studies on seismic retrofit and repair of typical circular bridge columns with poor lap splice details utilizing prefabricated glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite jackets and epoxy are presented in this paper. A total of seven tests on three 1/2-scale model columns were conducted. One column was tested under the "as-built" condition and the other two columns were retrofitted with prefabricated composite individual and continuous jackets, respectively. The jackets were applied in the potential plastic hinge region of the column to increase its lateral confinement. Brittle failure was observed in the "as-built" model column due to the bond deterioration of lap spliced longitudinal reinforcement. This brittle failure was prevented in the retrofitted columns. The repairing of the failed "as-built" column by injecting epoxy into the damaged plastic region resulted in significant stiffening of the portion and an increase in the capacity and ductility. The second repair of the specimen using both epoxy injection and prefabricated composite jacketing effectively improved its behavior further. The results of this study indicated that dramatic improvement in ductility and energy absorption capacity of columns can be achieved using these retrofit and repair methods.F?2Orsini, Giampiero1999hA model for buildings' vulnerability assessment using the Parameterless Scale of Seismic Intensity (PSI)Earthquake SpectraVol. 153, pp. 463-483. Aug.Italy; structural damage prediction; reinforced concrete structures; brick structures; Earthquake intensities; Loss estimation methodologies; Campania-Basilicata; Italy earthquake; Nov. 23; 1980; damage; Irpinia; Apartment buildings; vulnerability; Irpinia region$After the earthquake of 1980 in Irpinia, the Italian Government promoted a damage survey, with the cooperation of researchers of the Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche PFG-CNR. The data of the damage survey has been used in several studies during previous years, and in the present work the studies have been elaborated on with the aim of assessing a value of the seismic excitation in each administrative unit according to the Parameterless Scale of Seismic Intensity (PSI). The PSI intensities are in good correlation with the values of the MSK scale: for each degree of the latter, the PSI intensity, a continuous variable, shows a spectrum of values. At the same time, a model for damage prediction has been identified, where the frequency of a damage degree in a territorial unit is a function of PSI. The proposed damage prediction model has been compared with the Damage Probability Matrix method and the range of variation of the losses evaluated in scenario analyses at the National Seismic Survey has been estimated.F?2Kim, Simon D'Amore, Enzo19996Push-over analysis procedure in earthquake engineeringEarthquake SpectraVol. 153, pp. 417-434. Aug.[Applied Technology Council (ATC); ATC-40; Capacity spectrum method; Static nonlinear pushover analysis; story drift; Burbank; California; multistory steel office buildings; Southern California; Hysteretic damping; Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake; Kobe; Japan; Jan. 17; 1995; nonlinear time history analysis; roof drift; Northridge; California earthquakeThere has been an increasing trend toward the use of "push-over" analysis as a tool for evaluation of the safety of structures during earthquakes. A variety of existing push-over analysis procedures are currently being consolidated under programs such as ATC 40 and FEMA 273. This paper presents a critical review of the currently proposed push-over analysis procedure and a case study in which the proposed methodology is evaluated.FF?2Otani, Shunsuke1999IRC building damage statistics and SDF response with design seismic forcesEarthquake SpectraVol. 153, pp. 485-501. Aug.Guerrero-Michoacan; Mexico earthquake; Sept. 19; 1985; damage; Luzon; Philippines earthquake; July 16; 1990; Erzincan; Turkey earthquake; Mar. 13; 1992; Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake; Kobe; Japan; Jan. 17; 1995; Lowrise reinforced concrete structuresEThis paper introduces the damage statistics of reinforced concrete buildings after the 1985 Mexico earthquake, the 1990 Luzon (Philippines) earthquake, the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake, and the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. These data were obtained in severely damaged areas in each earthquake through the inventory damage investigation of the Architectural Institute of Japan teams. The damage statistics indicated severe damage in taller buildings and significantly less damage in lowrise buildings. A series of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom systems having minimum code required lateral resistance were analyzed using the earthquake motions recorded near the areas of the damage surveys. Contrary to the statistics, the nonlinear response analysis( ?rez, V. Brady, A. G.1984lReversing cyclic elastic demands on structures during earthquakes and applications to ductility requirements6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 7-32. Nov.TDuctility; Displacements (structural); Response spectra; nonlinear; linear; Nonlinear structures; strong-motion records; Elastoplastic analysis; Southern California; earthquakes; 1979; structural ductility; Imperial Valley; California earthquake; Oct. 15; Dynamic response; Deterministic methods; structural response; Engineering Seismology"The study of all earthquake-induced oscillator response peaks from selected records shows how these peaks decrease in amplitude with the number of cycles attained. These studies concentrate on the ratio between the peak amplitudes of response experienced throughout the duration of a given number of cycles and the maximum response. The ratio shows a trend that is fairly independent of the structure's period, the epicentral distance, and the earthquake magnitude. If during a very large earthquake, a structure is forced into displacements beyond the elastic limit, it must withstand them successfully with well-designed ductility. For long-period structures, these inelastic displacements, if assumed to result from idealized elastoplastic behavior, are approximately equal to the elastic displacements under study. The trends shown in this paper consequently indicate that the amplitudes of the elastoplastic displacements still attained after two, four, or eight cycles remain at levels that are appreciably high percentages of the maximum displacement.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E23958Nkinson, G. M. Finn, W. D. L. Charlwood, R. G.1984NSimple computation of liquefaction probability for seismic hazard applications6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 107-123. Nov.Liquefaction; computer applications; Earthquake hazards; Probability theory; Sands; Soils; Sites; Canada; PROLIQ; Nondeterministic methods; Soil; Foundation DynamicsA computer program has been written for the routine calculation of the probability of seismically induced liquefaction for level sand or silty sand sites. The method combines Seed's simplified method of assessing liquefaction potential with the Cornell method of assessing seismic hazard by modifying the latter to consider the joint probability of magnitude and acceleration. The input data to the program are simple geotechnical data from SPT, CPT, or laboratory tests and readily obtainable regional seismicity data.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395T*| for structural design or for estimating structural vulnerabilit`NU$ masonry structures; design; San Francisco; earthquake; 1906; Reinforcement; masonry structures; Northern California; Earthquake-Resistant DesignAlthough the reinforcement of masonry buildings against earthquake damage was known as early as 1755, it only came of age in the United States in the late 1930s. This survey, which includes seismic-resistant construction systems dating from 1755, 1783, 1784, 1854, 1870, 1872, 1906, and 1907, illustrates how common sense solutions for the reinforcement of masonry buildings had already been invented and used long before the 1933 Long Beach earthquake which stimulated modern reinforcement research.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395 ?081 Arnold, C.1984;Planning against earthquakes in the United States and Japan6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 75-88. Nov.Japan; disaster planning; United States; California; Southern California; Earthquake hazards; mitigation; Legislation; Governmental aspects; Earthquakes as Natural DisastersComprehensive earthquake disaster preparedness planning encompasses two distinct but related elements: emergency planning and hazard mitigation. The UniXOign charts are presented, and an example of their use on a 12-story structure is detailed.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E23950N84DGlossary of terms for probabilistic seismic-risk and hazard analysis6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 33-40. Nov.qSeismic risk; Earthquake hazards; Seismic microzoning; Seismic zoning; Return periods; Glossaries; General TopicsIn 1977, the EERI Committee on Seismic Risk was assigned the task of developing a terminology in the form of a glossary of terms of probabilistic seismic hazard and risk analysis methods. The proposed glossary was first developed between 1977 and 1982. During that period, the proposal went through various reviews by the committee and the membership of EERI. In 1981, a draft of the present glossary was published in the EERI Newsletter and the resulting comments from the readers have been incorporated in the document presented here.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395?Dl71 Tobriner, S.1984VA history of reinforced masonry construction designed to resist earthquakes: 1755-19076Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 125-149. Nov.United StPIj`or estimating structural vulnerabilities to reconcile earthquake-related damage.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E23954DlU$85Structural moments I6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 12, pp. 353-388. Feb.Story drift; Cracking; concrete; Steel frames; design; frames; Wood; Wind loads; building codes; Welding; Reinforcing steel; Structural DynamicsaSix articles are republished, with some revisions, from the Structural Engineers Assn. of Northern California's publications on technical topics of interest to the structural engineer practicing in a highly seismic area. The articles are the following: Drift limits: are they realistic, by S. A. Freeman; Shrinkage of lumber: a way to fight a knotty problem, by D. L. Messinger; Background of current wind provisions, by W. L. Casper; Thoughts on welding reinforcing steel, by L. W. Mattis; Concrete cracking: where do we go from here?, by F. R. Preece; A response of PCA on concrete cracking, by R. E. Tobin.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395DlXiu, A. N. L. et al.,1984CDamage survey of the Kaoiki, Hawaii earthquake of November 16, 19836Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 173-195. Nov.Hawaii; earthquakes; 1983; Residential buildings; damage; Lifeline systems; Electric power distribution; Water supply systems; Telecommunications systems; Transportation systems; Foundations; Highways; Isoseismal maps; Hawaii earthquake; Earthquake Damage$Following the earthquake, the Earthquake Engineering Research Inst. and the American Society of Civil Engineers appointed a task committee to survey the damage. This report documents representative damage and offers constructive suggestions to mitigate future damage from similar earthquakes.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395U$I51Mayes, R. L. et al.,1984EDesign guidelines for base-isolated buildings with energy dissipators6Earthquake Spectra, %WEarthquake Engineering AbstractsVol. 11, pp. 41-74. Nov.Base isolation; building codes; Energy dissipation; Multistory structures; Rubber bearings; Uniform Building Code; Ductility; Braced frames; Steel frames; Applied Technology Council; design criteria; Bearings; Earthquake-Resistant DesignThis paper provides the basis of a practical base isolation system which includes energy dissipation in special purpose mechanical devices. Topics covered include basic elements of base isolation, feasibility, design philosophy, and code considerations. Design procedures based onTj`qF?4Rojahn, C. et al.,19864Earthquake damage and loss evaluation for CaliforniaEarthquake SpectraVol. 24, pp. 767-782. Oct.ZCalifornia; structural damage prediction; Residential buildings; damage prediction; Industrial plants; Public utilities; Lifeline systems; Transportation systems; Businesses; Bridges; Dams; Economic analysis; Socioeconomic aspects; United States; U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Agriculture; Ground motion; Seismic safety; Braced framesConsensus-opinion earthquake damage and loss estimates and companion loss estimation and inventory methodology have been developed for existing facilities in California. Data and methodology developed include: consensus-opinion damage-factor estimates (expected physical damage due to ground shaking); methodology to adjust damage-factor estimates to account for construction quality; methodology to estimate the effects of collateral hazards such as ground failure, fault rupture, and inundation; loss-of-function data and methodology to estimate the time it takes to restore damaged facilities to their pre-earthquake usability; methodology to estimate deaths and injuries; and inventory data and methodology for all types of existing industrial, commercial, residential, utility, and transportation facilities in California. Damage-factor estimates are provided in the form of damage probability matrices for modified Mercalli intensities VI through XII. Seven damage states are considered. Loss-of-function estimates, which specify the time required to restore a facility to 30 percent, 60 percent, and 100 percent of the pre-earthquake usability, are provided for the damage states.Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 499 14th St, Suite 320, Oakland, CA, 94612-1934, USA, [mailto:eeri@eeri.org], [URL:http://www.eeri.org] %Lcallno 400/E2395F?4McDonough, P. W. Taylor, C. E.1986.Assessing seismic response of Utah gas systemsEarthquake SpectraVol. 24, pp. 747-765. Oct.Utah; gas supply systems; Public utilities; Seismic safety; Earthquake hazards; Lifeline systems; Seismic risk; Pipelines; damage prediction; Liquefaction; Earthquake DamageThe potential damage to lifelines from even moderate earthquakes can have significant and widespread effects on community well-being. Recently, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Geological Survey, researchers from California cooperated with a utility in Utah to analyze the seismic safety of natural gas facilities in Utah. They identified pipelines by system importance, size, and