1	Earthquake Recovery and Activities of the Machizukuri Organization in Kobe Kazuyoshi Ohnishi, Kobe Univ
2	Zone with Seismic Intensity of 7
3	Recovery Process
4	Existence of recovery speed Factors of recovery delay in west side 1) Damage level The big seismic fire occurred in west side 2) Mixed land use speed Exclusive residential zones spread in east side Residential , commercial and industrial functions were comprehensively damaged in west side 3) Economical power Low income people lived in west side Status in Housing market is lower than east side
5	Key Revival Project Distribution Map
6	Three basic principles in projects offered by local government Community agreement for those developments (Machizukuri) is the first consideration, and development of public facilities comes second. Basic manners in restoration should be shared, and individual plan should be developed in each district to meet their demands. The restoration aims to develop the urban area to be tough against the disaster together with the fine built environment.
7	Machizukuri Organization To activate those principles and to get community agreement under Machizukuri activities, Kobe city encouraged to establish the Machizukuri organization mainly in project areas and in other damaged areas. Machizukuri Organization is composed of residents, shop owners, landlords, land owners, private agenc, and others who are engaged in the restoration living outside the area. The area of Machizukuri organization is basically designated under existing neighborhood residents committee area, which is called “Jichi-kai” or “Chonai-lkai”. The neighborhood residents committee is engaged in daily management in community.
8	Three principles in the land readjustment project The average ratio of land contribution to the public facilities is to be limited under 10% ・ To reduce the burden of suffers as much as possible 　　・ To make the sharp cut in the ratio for small housing site The re-plotting is to be arranged to promote joint rebuilding and fireproof construction ・ To give priority to restoration of buildings, especially of housings ・ To make effort to generate new local townscape The most prior issue is to cope with the residents ・ To provide public housing for those who have extremely small ho１using sites and for seniors who rent the old wooden apartment house ・ To arrange the housing for those who move out from the project area
9	Roles of Machizukuri organization for restoration It played important roles in many aspects of restoration. (Machizukuri newsletter publication etc.) Actions have been taken for the join Rebuilding and for seniors’ co-housing which is called collective housing. Many Machizukuri Organizations which have worked since before the Kobe Earthquake 1995 took actions earlier toward the restoration with community agreements. The earlier successes of the “Kobe style” Machizukuri were serving as models of democratic community development lessons for .
10	Project Areas in Kobe after EQ. Redevelopment Zone
11	Designated for Machizukuri Areas
12	Machizukuri Organized Areas
13	Establishment of Machizukuri Organization A community can establish its Machizukuri organization when community Machizukuri effort is to be undertaken. The Number of Machizukuri Organizations Before and After the Earthquake are shown as of June 1998.
14	Issues of Machizukuri Organizations In a case like the Machizukuri Agreement, as it is an agreement that restricts the entire area, the requirement is for such an agreement of everybody to be obtained. However, in order to expand the Organization’s activities and to address the necessary issues and to meet the needs of the community, it is essential to enter into autonomous management, which in turn raises several problems. A representative system must be established and a quorum has to be set and methods for managing a general assembly for decision-making must be adopted. ‚ The executive arm must be vested with authority and its responsibilities clearly determined. ƒ As contracts become necessary to undertake projects, the organization must be legally incorporated.
15	Present Activities of Machizukuri Organization Rule, Regulation & Standard under agreement (Construction Agreement, Machizukuri Agreement, District Planning) Physical Planning & Project(Monozukuri) (Facility construction, Land Adjustment, Urban Redevelopment) Social Education Program (Hitozukuri) (Volunteers, Management)
16	Future prospect of Machizukuri Organization Incorporated community autonomous association Profit-making company CDC NPO (Non-profit organization) Community Business
17	US/Japan comparative study of BID and Machizukuri Organization
18	(US) BID in California Combination of citizen participation and economic development Based on the state law of property and business improvement district 1994 Management corporation is usually NPO Various means of financing Government grant (CDBG) Assessments Private fund (tax credit, intermediary, foundation) Loan for the community development
19	(Japan) Machizukuri Organization Machizukuri organization is based on the Machizukuri ordinance of Kobe 1981 Through the experience of restoration process, they faced the difficulty to coordinate the local opinions among themselves to draft the future of community development Financed by the local government grant for board management such as publishing community newsletters, and professional support system is also provided Organized mainly by residents, properly owners and business owners Not the corporation, but sometimes work as the management corporation
20	Management and Independence 1) Role of the local organization (Japan) Machizukuri organization copes with the comprehensive issues in community (US) BID has a special district board which manages specific issues in the area and works as NPO
21	2)Network of local organizations (US) Canoga park improvement association West valley community development corporation Church association Communication between white business owners and Hispanic residents (Japan) Partnership / Machizukuri organization Pprofessionals Local government Network of supporters Network of Machizukuri organizations
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28	Finance of the local management Various means of financing Government grant (CDBG type) Assessments Private fund (tax credit, intermediary, foundation) Loan for the community development